Our laboratory studies a wide range of phenomena in the ground by combining experiments and analysis. Our topics range from ground deformation caused by construction, through slope failures triggered by earthquakes and heavy rainfall and the mechanics of subsurface resource development, to geo-environmental problems such as soil contamination.
The ground is the foundation of society, supporting buildings and roads from below. Yet it is not easy to see what is happening inside the soil, and problems often become visible only after a disaster or damage has occurred. We therefore aim to observe carefully why a phenomenon occurs, to express its mechanism in models that are as simple as possible, and to put those models to use in prediction and design.
Research of this kind grows through collaboration with practitioners and with researchers in other fields. For students, a major attraction is the chance to take on research that matters to society while working across experiments, image analysis and numerical simulation. This article introduces some of the themes we have pursued, focusing on the deformation and failure of the ground.
私たちの研究室では、地盤にまつわるさまざまな現象を、実験・解析を組み合わせて理解する研究に取り組んでいます。対象は、建設工事に伴う地盤の変形、地震や豪雨による崩壊、地下資源開発に関わる力学現象、さらには土壌汚染などの地盤環境問題まで多岐にわたります。
地盤は、建物や道路を足元から支える社会の基盤です。しかし、土の中で何が起きているのかを直接見ることは簡単ではなく、災害や変状が起きて初めて問題が見えることも少なくありません。そこで私たちは、「なぜその現象が起きたのか」を丁寧に観察し、その仕組みをできるだけシンプルなモデルで表し、予測や設計に役立てることを目指しています。
こうした研究は、実務者や他分野の研究者との連携によって大きく発展します。また、学生にとっても、実験、画像解析、数値シミュレーションを横断しながら、社会に役立つ研究に挑戦できることが大きな魅力です。本稿では、地盤の変形や破壊に関する研究を中心に、私たちが取り組んできたテーマの一部を紹介します。
Some soils have particles that break easily, such as marine soils containing shells and coral, and volcanic soils containing pumice. As the particles in these soils are crushed, the soil as a whole becomes more compressible and its shear strength decreases. Just as fine sand fills the gaps between marbles, broken, smaller particles move into the spaces between larger ones, so the soil packs more densely and deforms more easily.
To capture this behavior, we focused on two linked changes: the change in grading as particles break, and the resulting change in how densely the soil can pack. We proposed a model that represents a complex grain-size distribution by a single index and tracks its evolution (Kikumoto et al., Soils Found., 2010; Fig. 1). More recently, we have extended the model toward more realistic behavior by accounting for the fact that crushability itself depends on how densely the soil is packed (Nghia-Nguyen and Kikumoto, Comput. Geotech., 2023; Kanjanatanalert et al., Acta Geotech., 2025).
By building this model into numerical analysis, we are applying it to real geotechnical problems. Normally, the denser the ground, the better it supports a structure. We have found, however, that under very large loads, particle crushing in crushable soils weakens this benefit (Nghia-Nguyen et al., Comput. Geotech., 2026). This is an important insight for the foundation design of super-tall buildings.
貝殻やサンゴを含む海洋性土、軽石を含む火山灰質土には、粒子が壊れやすいものがあります。こうした土では、粒子が砕けるにつれて土全体が縮みやすくなり、せん断に対する強さも低下します。たとえば、ビー玉のすき間に細かい砂が入り込むように、壊れて小さくなった粒子は大きな粒子の間に入り込むことで、土がより密に詰まり、大きく変形しやすくなるのです。
私たちは、この現象をうまく表すために、粒子が砕けて粒度が変わることと、それに応じて土の「おさまりやすい密さ」が変わることに注目しました。そして、複雑な粒度分布を一つの指標で表し、その変化を追うモデルを提案しました(Kikumoto et al., Soils Found., 2010;図1)。さらに近年は、土の詰まり方によって砕けやすさが変わる点も取り入れ、より現実に近いモデルへ発展させています(Nghia-Nguyen and Kikumoto, Comput. Geotech., 2023; Kanjanatanalert et al., Acta Geotechnica, 2025)。
このモデルを数値解析に組み込むことで、実際の地盤問題にも応用が進んでいます。たとえば、普通は密に締まった地盤ほど建物をしっかり支えますが、非常に大きな荷重がかかると、破砕性土では粒子破砕が進み、その効果が弱まることが分かってきました(Nghia-Nguyen et al., Comput. Geotech., 2026)。超高層建築の基礎を考えるうえでも重要な知見です。
Fig. 1. Model for crushable soils: the grading index used as an internal variable describing changes in grain-size distribution, and the critical state surface extended to three dimensions 図1. 破砕性土のモデル:粒度変化を表す媒介変数となる粒度指標と3次元に拡張した限界状態面
Large forces are not the only thing that changes soil. Repeated wetting and drying, and temperature changes, also alter soils and rocks little by little. Mudstone, widely distributed in Japan, is often used as fill for road and railway embankments, but repeated wetting and drying can break it down into fine fragments and make it more compressible. We showed experimentally that this process can cause settlement (Kikumoto et al., Géotechnique, 2016; Fig. 2).
We have also traced how mudstone cut slopes weather over long periods, combining field observations and laboratory tests with records from past investigations. Examining changes over half a century, we found that oxidation and mineral alteration progress near the ground surface, gradually softening the rock mass (Nagata et al., Japanese Geotechnical Journal, 2022; Fig. 3). Building on these findings, we also proposed a method for deciding which slopes, among those with different properties, should be given priority for maintenance (Nagata et al., Japanese Geotechnical Journal, 2024). As infrastructure maintenance becomes ever more important, this research has strong links to practice and considerable social significance.
土の性質を変えるのは大きな力だけではありません。乾燥と湿潤の繰り返しや温度変化でも、土や岩は少しずつ変化します。日本に広く分布する泥岩は、道路や鉄道の盛土材料としてよく使われますが、乾いたり濡れたりを繰り返すうちに細かく崩れ、圧縮しやすくなることがあります。私たちは、この現象が沈下の原因になりうることを実験で示しました(Kikumoto et al., Géotechnique, 2016;図2)。インフラの維持管理がますます重要になる中で、こうした研究は実務とのつながりが強く、社会的な意義の大きいテーマです。
さらに、泥岩の切土のり面が長い年月をかけてどのように風化するのかを、過去の調査記録も活用しながら現地観測と室内試験も組み合わせて追跡しました。半世紀にわたる変化を調べた結果、地表付近では酸化や鉱物の変化が進み、岩盤が徐々に軟らかくなっていくことがわかりました(永田ら,地盤工学ジャーナル,2022;図3)。この知見をもとに、性質の異なるのり面のうち、どこを優先的に管理すべきかを判断する方法も提案しています(永田ら,地盤工学ジャーナル,2024)。
Fig. 2 Slaking of embankment material derived from mudstone under wetting–drying cycles: the response differs considerably depending on where the material was sampled
図2. 泥岩由来の盛土材の乾湿風化現象:採取地によって応答がかなり異なる.
Fig. 3. Field investigation of a mudstone cut slope: an oxidized zone has formed near the surface, and changes are also seen in the clay minerals it contains 図3. 泥岩切土のり面の現地調査:地表付近に酸化帯が形成され、含有粘土鉱物にも変化が見られる。
When soil particles break, they change not only in size but also in shape. This may seem obvious, but it is very important for understanding how soil deforms and how strong it is. For example, when round glass beads are crushed under high pressure, the particles not only become smaller but also become angular. Such changes in shape alter how particles interlock and move, which in turn affects the stiffness and strength of the soil as a whole (Allaev and Kikumoto, Acta Geotechnica, in revision; Fig. 4).
We compared two cases during particle crushing: one in which only particle size changes, and one in which both size and shape change. We showed that in the latter case the effect of particle shape cannot be ignored. Angular and rounded particles affect the deformation and strength of soil differently. We have recently published these results in two papers (Ali and Kikumoto, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2026; Acta Geotechnica, 2026), which also clarify the range of applicability and the limitations of the model we proposed earlier.
This raises a further question. If particles differ in shape, how does that difference actually show up in the motion of each particle, and how does it ultimately lead to the deformation and strength of the soil as a whole? The research introduced next is our attempt to answer this question.
土の粒子は、砕けると大きさだけでなく形も変わります。これは一見当たり前のようですが、土の変形や強さを考えるうえでとても重要です。たとえば、丸いガラスビーズを高い圧力で押しつぶすと、粒子は細かくなるだけでなく、角張った形へと変わっていきます。こうした形の変化は、粒子どうしのかみ合い方や動き方を変え、土全体の硬さや強さにも影響します(Sherzod and Kikumoto, Acta Geotechnica, 修正済;図4)。
私たちは、粒子が砕ける過程で、粒子の大きさだけが変わる場合と、粒子の大きさと形状の両方が変わる場合を比較し、後者では粒子形状の影響を無視できないことを示しました。角張った粒子と丸みを帯びた粒子では、土の変形のしかたや強さへの影響が異なります。これらの成果は近年、2編の論文として公表しており(Ali and Kikumoto, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2026; Acta Geotechnica, 2026)、私たちが以前に提案した従来モデルの適用範囲と限界も整理しました。
ただし、ここで次の疑問が生まれます。粒子の形が違うといっても、それが実際に粒子一つひとつの動きにどう表れ、最終的に土全体の変形や強さにどうつながるのでしょうか。この問いに答えるために進めているのが、次に紹介する研究です。
Fig. 4. Glass beads (a) before and (b) after crushing: after crushing, many small angular particles have been produced.
図4. 破砕前後のガラスビーズの様子:破砕後(右)は角張った小さな粒子が多数、生じている
As described in Section 3, differences in particle shape affect the properties of soil. These effects should appear through the rotation, sliding and contacts of individual particles. To observe these microscopic motions directly, we developed an experimental technique using assemblies of aluminum rods with various cross-sectional shapes. During biaxial shear tests, image analysis tracks the displacement, rotation, contacts, sliding and separation of every particle (Ali et al., Acta Geotech., 2023; Géotechnique, 2024; Fig. 5).
With this method, we can see directly that round particles rotate readily while angular particles resist rotation, and that this difference strongly influences how the assembly as a whole deforms (Fig. 5). In other words, the change in particle shape discussed in Section 3 is observed here as a difference in particle motion, and we are confirming how this leads to the response of the soil as a whole.
3で述べたように、粒子の形の違いは土の性質に影響します。しかし、その影響は、粒子一つひとつの回転やすべり、接触のしかたを通じて現れているはずです。そこで私たちは、そうしたミクロな運動を直接確かめるため、さまざまな断面形状をもつアルミ棒の積層体を用い、二軸せん断試験中の全粒子の移動、回転、接触、すべり、分離を画像解析によって追跡する実験技術を開発しました(Ali et al., Acta Geotechnica, 2023; Geotechnique, 2024;図5)。
この方法により、丸い粒子はよく回転し、角張った粒子は回転しにくいこと、そしてその違いが集団全体の変形のしかたに大きく関わることが直接見えるようになりました(図5)。つまり、3で問題にした「粒子形状の変化」が、4では「粒子の動きの違い」として観察され、それが土全体の応答につながることを確かめているのです。
Fig. 5 Biaxial test on a two-dimensional granular assembly: rotations of all particles identified by image analysis (a) sample box with surface treated aluminum rods (b) Image analysis process: black circular sticker with two dots allowing identification, tracking, and rotation estimation of each particle during the test.
図5. 2次元粒状体の二軸試験:画像解析により特定した全ての粒子の回転挙動
We also use the results of these experiments to validate DEM simulations and deepen our understanding (Ali et al., Granular Matter, 2023; Fig. 6). We are further examining how far the behavior of angular particles can be reproduced by a model that gives circular particles resistance to rotation (Ali and Kikumoto, Computer and Geotechnics, 2026). This is also an effort to connect particle-scale phenomena seen in experiments to better numerical models in the future. A distinctive feature of this work is that we move back and forth between experiments and models to deepen our understanding of how changes in particle shape relate to ground behavior.
This article has focused mainly on research into particle properties, but we also work on geohazards and the geo-environment. Examples include collapse of unsaturated soils on wetting and liquefaction behavior (Komolvilas and Kikumoto, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 2017; Komolvilas et al., ibid., 2022; Srinil et al., Soils Found., 2022) and modeling of soil contamination by oil and heavy metals (Nakamura and Kikumoto, J. Contam. Hydrol., 2018; Komuro and Kikumoto, Environ. Pollut., 2024). Our consistent approach is to capture phenomena carefully, understand their mechanisms, and turn that understanding into predictions and designs that society can use.
この実験の結果は、シミュレーションの検証にも利用して、さらに理解を深めています(Ali et al., Granular Matter, 2023;図6)。角張った粒子のふるまいを、円形粒子に「回りにくさ」を与えたモデルでどこまで再現できるかも検討しています(Ali and Kikumoto, Computer and Geotechnics, 2026)。これは、実験で見えた粒子レベルの現象を、将来のよりよい数値モデルへ結びつける試みでもあります。実験とモデルを往復しながら、粒子形状の変化と地盤挙動の関係をより深く理解しようとしている点に、この研究の特徴があります。
ここでは主に粒子特性に着目した研究をご紹介しましたが、ほかにも、不飽和土の浸水崩壊や液状化特性(Komolvilas and Kikumoto, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 2017;Komolvilas et al., 同誌, 2022;Srinil et al., Soils Found., 2022)、油や重金属による土壌汚染のモデル化(Nakamura and Kikumoto, Comtam. Hydrol., 2018; Komuro and Kikumoto, Environ. Pollution, 2024)など、地盤防災や地盤環境の研究にも取り組んでいます。現象を丁寧に捉え、仕組みを理解し、社会で使える予測や設計につなげることが、私たちの研究の一環した姿勢です。
Fig. 6. Effect of particle shape on shearing under constant confining pressure. (a) Round particles: weak interlocking permits high particle rotations, causing frequent rotation-induced force chain buckling and reduced shear strength. (b) Angular particles: strong interlocking and high rolling resistance suppress rotations, stabilize force chains, and produce greater shear strength through a more stable load-bearing microstructure.
The research introduced here has been made possible by the daily efforts of our students and by collaboration with researchers and practitioners in Japan and abroad. Each piece of work is built from patient observation, experiments and calculations, but we believe that together they contribute to solving problems that matter to society: understanding disasters, keeping infrastructure safe and addressing environmental issues. We warmly welcome students who want to see for themselves what is happening inside the soil, or who want to do research that benefits society using both experiments and computation. We also welcome consultations and proposals for joint research from practitioners and researchers in other fields.
ここで紹介した研究は、学生たちとの日々の努力と、国内外の研究者・実務者との連携に支えられて進んできたものです。一つひとつは地道な観察や実験、計算の積み重ねですが、それが災害の理解、インフラの安全、環境問題への対応といった、社会にとって大切な課題の解決につながると考えています。「土の中で何が起きているのかを自分の目で確かめたい」「実験も計算も使いながら社会に役立つ研究をしてみたい」と思う学生のみなさんに、ぜひ関心をもっていただければうれしいです。実務者や他分野の研究者の方々からのご相談や共同研究のご提案も歓迎しています。